Status and determinants of other gainful activities by farmers in mountainous rural regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Abstract Non-farm income sources are important for livelihood sustenance, especially in the mountainous regions of developing countries. To implement effective policies to improve economic development, policymakers need insights at grassroots level. Yet, there is a lack empirical evidence context Pakistan. This study examines current situation and factors influencing decision by farmers engage other gainful activities (OGAs) such as farm diversification off-farm work northern The based on quantitative survey data obtained from 459 managers qualitative 24 key informants five different districts Gilgit-Baltistan. Utilizing logistic regression model, statistical analysis conducted farmer characteristics investigate probability OGAs. results show that around 71% engaged OGAs (with 24% diversification, 61% offfarm 15% both). share female 51% while male dominate (69%). most prevalent types processing products tourism-related work, main setting up grocery stores outside farm, having salaried jobs or engaging non-agricultural business. There significant differences between with without particularly regarding characteristics, agricultural some variables. logit model mainly determine (and other) mostly explain diversification. These findings suggest primarily exist strategies. Farm linked long-term sustenance predominantly driven needs. Both require specific support attention needs be given not threaten regional food supply.